To make a full hard disk image in linux we will use several small programs and a livecd.
Next to this we need a place to store the image (external hard disk?). Which livecd you use is not that important. Just make sure that you access the place where you want to store the image and that you have access to gzip, dd and swapoff (if there is a swap partition).
So let us see the steps to take:
Boot into the livecd
Make sure you can access the place where you want to store the image
(1) Disable the swap partition on the hard disk you want to image
(2) Start the image-making process
Check if the image is stored on the requested locations without errors
So let us see which commands we have to use to perform actions (1) and (2):
(1)# sudo swapoff -a
(2)# sudo dd if=/dev/hd_ | gzip > /mnt/hd__/image_name.dd.gz
Restoring the image is as easy as making it. Let us see these steps as well
Boot into the livecd
Make sure you can access the place where your image is stored
(3) Disable the swap partition on the hard disk you want to image
(4) Start the image-restoring process
Check if the image is restored on the requested location without errors
So let us see which commands we have to use to perform actions (3) and (4):
(3)# sudo swapoff -a
(4)# sudo gzip -dc /mnt/hd__/image_name.dd.gz | dd of=/dev/hd_
That is it. I hope it is/was helpful.
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Wednesday, May 26, 2010
Monday, May 17, 2010
.htaccess 301 redirects for ip ranges
The article published here is requested to be removed, the credit goes to the author @
http://munkyonline.co.uk/blog/htaccess-301-redirects-ip-ranges
http://munkyonline.co.uk/blog/htaccess-301-redirects-ip-ranges
How to redirect a specific ip request to a specific page?
All the request to block page for the clients network with static ip is redirected to custom block page
Continue Reading...
The easy and faster way is at the server level i.,e using .htaccess
Source : http://perishablepress.com/press/2007/07/23/permanently-redirect-a-specific-ip-request-for-a-single-page-via-htaccess/
Disclaimer : I have copied and pasted the whole page here for my personal reference, the credit goes to the author at perishablepress.com.
Not the most interesting title, but “oh well”..
Disclaimer : I have copied and pasted the whole page here for my personal reference, the credit goes to the author at perishablepress.com.
Not the most interesting title, but “oh well”..
Recently, a reader named Alison left a comment requesting help with a particular htaccess trick. She wanted to know how to permanently redirect (301) all requests for a specific page when requested from a specific IP address. In other words, when a visitor coming from
123.456.789requests the page requested-page.html, the visitor will be redirected to just-for-you.html. All visitors not coming from that specific IP address are not redirected, and thus will see the originally requested page. Further, the redirect must apply only to requested-page.html, such that every visitor — including the one coming from 123.456.789 — will be able to see all of the other pages. Here is the htaccess code to make it happen:
To use this redirect, simply edit the IP address, requested page, and redirect page. Copy and paste the code into your htaccess file and upload to your server. Test the 301 redirect via proxy and that’s it. Relax and enjoy!
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Anyway, you are absolutely correct..
I meant 301, said 301, and have no idea why I wrote 302 in the code (could be all the pain meds?).. either way, thank you for catching the error. The code now reads correctly (i think)..
# block IP range by CIDR numberorder allow,denyallow from alldeny from 214.53.25.64/26# block an IP range via network/netmask valuesorder allow,denyallow from alldeny from 214.53.25.64/255.255.255.192RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^214\.53\.25\.(6[4-9]|7[0-9]|8[0-9]|9[0-9])$ [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^214\.53\.25\.1([0-1][0-9]|2[0-8])$RewriteRule .* - [F]# permanently redirect multiple IP requests for single pageRewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 123\.456\.789RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 456\.789\.123RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 789\.123\.456RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /requested-page\.html$RewriteRule .* /just-for-you.html [R=301,L]##-###-##-###.dhcp.insightbb.com
Order Allow,DenyAllow from allDeny from dhcp.insightbb.comHere is another way of blocking a specific ISP via its IP address(es).
Order Allow,DenyAllow from allDeny from 123.123.123.Deny from 456.456.456.I am novice enough that I don’t know for sure that I know where to put this code or which part of it I need - and need to edit.
I apologize for being high maintenance about this - but any help you could offer would be greatly appreciated. Please do not comment ON my blog about this issue for the above stated reasons!
What I would like to do is block his ranges of IPs and refer him to a “You are not welcome” page. I’m not IP savvy so would it be best to block him based on the first 2 octets or be more specific and do it on 3? If it means blocking a handful of innocent visitors in his area, so be it - I just cant stand the continued abuse anymore.
Also, what would the code be to do it?
I’m sorry for the longwinded message but I’m at my wits end!
user@host:~$ dig +short perishablepress.com207.210.105.30user@host:~$ whois 207.210.105.30[examine output, looking for “netrange”, “cidr”, “inetnum”, or anything else that means “more than one IP”]
user@host:~$ whois 207.210.105.30 | grep -i cidrCIDR: 207.210.64.0/18[debian unstable or ubuntu gutsy or hardy:
sudo apt-get install libnetaddr-ip-perl;redhat: have fun with that …]user@host:~$ cat bin/netblock2regex#!/usr/bin/perluse NetAddr::IP;my $ip = new NetAddr::IP $ARGV[0], $ARGV[1];print $ip->re(), "\n";user@host:~$ ./bin/netblock2regex 207.210.64.0 18?:(?78|79|80|81|82|83|84|85|86|87|88|89|90|91|92|93|94|95|96|97|98|99|100|101|102|103|104|105|106|107|108|109|110|111|112|113|114|115|116|117|118|119|120|121|122|123|124|125|126|127)\.(?:[0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])(?![0-9]))123.\123\.123” in your htaccess file. Everything else stays the same.Jonathan
# block ISP by CIDROrder Allow,DenyAllow from allDeny from 207.210.64.0/18Jeff
Great article. I have one question though: How do I redirect a page that is being served up by Wordpress’ rewrite rule?
# RewriteEngine On# RewriteBase /# RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} xxx\.xxx\.xxx# RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ./wordpress/page-to-block\.php$# RewriteRule ./wordpress/page-to-redirect.php [R=301,L]\.php) from the second rewrite condition. Also, in the rewrite rule itself, you could try adding a string to match against, for example:RewriteRule (.*) http://domain.tld/target-file.php [R=301,L]No, unfortunately the redirect method described in the article is a server-side technique that requires server access to implement. I think MySpace recently restricted server access to staff only, sadly..
mod_rewriteis not the optimal way of identifying IP addresses, but it is needed to accomplish the URL-specific redirect. Perhaps there is another issue involved..?mysite.com/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=49&task=viewcategory&catid=9mysite.com/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=49&task=viewcategory&catid=7%{REQUEST_URI}%{QUERY_STRING}variable.RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} target\-string\-01 [NC,OR]RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} target\-string\-02 [NC]RewriteRule .* - [F,L]# permanently redirect specific IP request for single pageRewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 123\.456\.789RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /requested-page\.html$RewriteRule .* /just-for-you.html [R=301,L]RewriteCondand get the desired results. You may also want to check out this technique, which requires a password for any specified IPs, allowing open access to everyone else.allow from all
RewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteRule .* /just-for-you.html [R=301,L]RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /requested-page\.html$RewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 123\.456\.789RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /requested-page\.html$RewriteRule .* /just-for-you.html [R=301,L]^/$Redirect 301 /images/directory/ http://site.com/gallery/index.phpRedirect 301 /images/subdir/ /images/index.phpRewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /images/dir/$RewriteRule .* /images/index.php [R=301,L]This is not the case. The rule I posted above only works on the directory name, hence excluding the actual file from the rewrite.
www.mywebsite.comfrom affiliate links, from the rest of the traffic, and send them to different pages. As Clickbank passes the affiliate’s nickname to the vendor in a parameter called “hop”, I would like all page requests containing parameter “hop” (*/?hop=) to be directed towww.mywebsite.com/index.htmlwhere customers can pay using Clickbank gateway, making my affiliates happy, whereas redirect all the remaining traffic towww.mywebsite.com/index2.htmlwhere a different payment processor is set up.Is this something that can be done to .htaccess? If so, how?
I would be eternally grateful for any help.
QUERY_STRINGparameter. Use something like:RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} hop [NC]RewriteRule (.*) http://www.mywebsite.com/index.html [R=301,L]hop” go toindex.htmlby default.http://www.mywebsite.com/?hop=affiliatename is directed to index.html. What I have no idea about is how to redirect the rest of the hop-less traffic toindex2.html…hop”, we can target query strings that don’t contain it by using a “not” operator (exclamation point) before the target string:RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} !hop [NC]RewriteRule (.*) http://www.mywebsite.com/index2.html [R=301,L]hopin the query string and redirect it to the alternate index page.Firefox has detected that the server is redirecting the request for this address in a way that will never complete.<<
index2.htmlafter 15 minutes of loading. The page is displayed without formatting, pictures, etc. but at least it’s there.RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !/index2.html$The script is working flawlessly now! I’m so relieved!
RewriteEngine onRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 111.222.0.0/9RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 333.444.0.0/9RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 555.666.0.0/9RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 777.888.99.10RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/$RewriteRule .* /default.html [R=301,L][OR]flags at the end of the appropriate conditions. Something like this:RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 111.222.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 333.444.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 555.666.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 777.888.99.10RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/$RewriteRule .* /default.html [R=301,L][OR]flag are interpreted in additive fashion, which is why your code fails — it is impossible for any single host to be coming from multiple IPs.RewriteEngine onRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 11.222.0.0/17 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 44.55.64.0/19RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/$RewriteRule .* /default.htm [R=301,L]Options +FollowSymLinksRewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 127\.0\.0\.1RewriteRule .* /banned.htm [R=301,L]RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} "/functions/"RewriteRule (.*) $1 [L]RewriteRule ^([^.]+)/?$ /index.php?page=$1 [L]RewriteBaseto[R=301,L]and all of a sudden my banned page comes up.127.0.0.1the IP address for localhost (i.e., your server)? That would explain why it only works when you redirect to an external domain.[OR]variable for multiple IP addresses was getting me![OR]flag for multiple IPs. For others who may need help:# permanently redirect specific IP request for single pageRewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 123\.456\.789 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 456\.789\.123 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 789\.123\.456RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /requested-page\.html$RewriteRule .* /just-for-you.html [R=301,L][OR]flag on the last IP condition.order allow,denydeny from xx.xx.xx.x/xxallow from all/olddirectory/in access logs and when i check the error logs the bot is getting rejected and access is denied some times may be from the root directory./olddirectory/i am thinking if this script works out# permanently redirect specific IP request for entire siteOptions +FollowSymlinksRewriteEngine onRewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 22\.22\.22\.239RewriteRule /olddirectory/ http://www.newsite.com/ [R=301,L]fixedname.variablename.ispname.com, and with that I can pretty confidently say all accesses fromfixedname.*.ispname.comis from this person. The ISP seems to divide the city into fixed blocks that I can tie the fixedname to this person’s location.RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} fixedname.*.ispname.com?RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} fixedname\.(.*)\.ispname\.com [NC]RewriteRule .* - [F]/So basically
www.mydomain.com/houseis a different site thanwww.mydomain.comThe site in the
/housefolder is both in Thai and in English, and I’m planning to use this script to redirect Thai IPs automatically to the Thai version, and all others to the English:RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 111.222.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 333.444.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} 555.666.0.0/9 [OR]RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/$RewriteRule .* /thai/ [R=301,L]/housesubdirectory, will it work? Or does such a file only work in the root directory?thaisubdirectory./house/directory, the redirect will go to/house/thai/directory. In other words, yes it should work in the subdirectory (instead of root), but the relative URI will be determined with the containing directory (i.e.,/house/) as root.tags, and someone will take a look at it..Thekla#76Thank you. Your help is greatly appreciated.RewriteEngine OnRewriteBase /RewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} xx\.xxx\.xxx\.xxxRewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /terridelights\.com$RewriteRule .* /stalkeralert.html[R=301,L]REMOTE_HOST, try withREMOTE_ADDR, and then also remove the secondRewriteCond:RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^789\.123\.456\.3$RewriteRule .* http://terridelights.com/stalkeralert.html [R=301,L]RewriteRule. Here is more information onmod_rewriting using eight different variables.Firefox has detected that the server is redirecting the request for this address in a way that will never complete.
* This problem can sometimes be caused by disabling or refusing to accept
cookies.
RewriteEngine OnRewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} ^789\.123\.456\.3$RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !/stalkeralert.html$ [NC]RewriteRule .* http://terridelights.com/stalkeralert.html [R=301,L][OR]at the end of thesecondfirstRewriteCond..?